Deep Learning for Wireless Gastrointestinal Capsule Endoscopy: A Systematic Review
Endoscopy has been used as a procedure to explore and visualize the interiors of the human body since the early 1800s. With time, endoscopes witnessed many advancements for better diagnostic and therapeutic purposes. Earlier, rigid endoscopes made up of metal tubes were used for gastroscopy, but the light source was inadequate to perform the procedure.
With the advancement of the healthcare sector, it has become quite easy to detect tumors and other diseases in the human body. With respect to this, the wireless capsule endoscopy technique has come into the process of evaluating the organs and tissues of the body, including gastrointestinal (GI) tract, which uses a small wireless camera to take pictures of the organs from inside.
Introduction to Capsule Endoscopy
Capsule endoscopy was first approved to use by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) in 2001. Capsule endoscopy is defined as a procedure that uses a tiny wireless camera to take pictures of the digestive tract. A capsule endoscopy camera is placed inside a vitamin-size capsule that one swallows. As the capsule travels through the digestive tract, the camera takes thousands of pictures that are transmitted to a recorder that one wears on a belt around their waist.
The study of gastrointestinal endoscopes and endotherapy devices includes capsule endoscopes, gastrointestinal videoscopes, such as gastroscopes, duodenoscopes, colonoscopes, enteroscopy, sigmoidoscopes, and anoscopes, and visualization systems that include monitors, cameras, light sources, video recorders, video processors, and others.
The gastrointestinal endoscopy market is in the developed phase. According to BIS Research, the global gastrointestinal endoscopy market was valued at $13.40 billion in 2021 and is anticipated to reach $25.75 billion by 2031, witnessing a CAGR of 6.24% during the forecast period 2022–2031.
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The research study constitutes an in-depth analysis of revenue generated by the companies involved in the development of gastrointestinal endoscopy and by its use in hospitals, ambulatory surgery centers, and several other healthcare centers.
Conditions that can be Diagnosed Using Capsule Endoscopy
The gastrointestinal endoscopy market is driven by factors such as the increasing prevalence of gastrointestinal diseases, rising preference for minimally invasive surgeries, growing demand for capsule endoscopy, shifting from reusable endoscopes to disposable endoscopes, and technological advancements in the field of robot-assisted endoscopes and AI-based devices.
Gastrointestinal capsule endoscopy plays a major role in the diagnosis of gastrointestinal cancer and other gastrointestinal-related disorders. It also has a significant role in therapeutics as well. During COVID-19, healthcare services got suspended worldwide, which led to decreased diagnosis and procedure volumes.
Although the application of capsule endoscopy is limited currently and can’t be used for biopsies or delivering treatments in its developing stage, it is useful in many other ways that include
- Detecting the GI bleeding source
- Evaluating GI conditions like Crohn’s disease, celiac disease, and ulcerative colitis
- Identifying the GI tract polyps or tumors
- Evaluating the presence of enlarged veins (varices) and Barrett’s esophagus
In capsule endoscopy procedure development, the following are a few steps that must be taken to guarantee the best results:
- Maintaining a clear liquid diet the day before the procedure
- Taking a laxative solution to help clear the GI tract to improve camera visibility
- Avoiding eating or drinking 10 to 12 hours prior to the procedure
- Prohibiting the intake of certain medications that may interfere with the camera
Capsule endoscopy is preferred by patients the most. The size of the capsule endoscope is about a large pill. After ingesting the capsule until it is excreted, patients are advised not to be near an MRI device or schedule an MRI examination.
Complications in a Capsule Endoscopy
Chronic digestive diseases have symptoms that include acid reflux, dyspepsia, heartburn in the upper GI tract, irritable bowel syndrome, chronic constipation, or abdominal distention in the lower gastrointestinal tract. Gastrointestinal endoscopes integrated with video cameras are used to visualize the upper GI tract from the pharynx to the duodenum and the lower GI tract from the anus to the cecum.
Though capsule endoscopy is a safe and sound procedure, there can still be minimal chance of complications occurring in which the capsule getting stuck in the GI tract is most likely to happen to those who have a significant narrowing. Unusual bloating, abdominal pain, and nausea are some of the common signs of capsule obstruction.
Conclusion
The gastrointestinal endoscopy market is highly competitive. The global gastrointestinal endoscopy market is expected to witness significant growth in emerging economies due to factors such as the increasing prevalence of chronic gastrointestinal diseases, rising technological advancements, as well as growing geriatric population across countries such as the U.S., Germany, Canada, and France.
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